Returns the Design Effect Ratio (DER) for each fixed-effect parameter: $$\mathrm{DER}_p = V_{\mathrm{sand}}[p,p] / H_{\mathrm{obs}}^{-1}[p,p]$$
Arguments
- sandwich
An object of class
"hbb_sandwich"fromsandwich_variance().
Details
DER > 1 means the survey design inflates variance beyond what a naive (non-survey-corrected) analysis would produce. Expected values are typically 1–5 for stratified cluster designs (Kish DEFF ~ 3–4).
The following warnings are issued:
DER < 0.5: survey design appears to reduce variance substantially, which is unusual and may signal a problem.
DER > 20: very large design effect, possibly indicating model misspecification or extreme weight variability.